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Norway to sell limited number of F-16s to Draken International

News story | 02/12/2021 | Ministry of Defence

The Norwegian Defence Materiel Agency has signed a contract with US company Draken International to sell up to 12 F-16 combat aircraft. The aircraft will be used as part of Draken’s training services in the United States.

News alert about: Defence

Παρουσίαση Μελέτης Ε.Ε.Α. για τις ζημιές της Πανδημίας στην Εστίαση

Αθήνα, 06 Δεκεμβρίου 2021

Δελτίο Ενημέρωσης Νο. 1427

Παρουσίαση Μελέτης Ε.Ε.Α. για τις ζημιές της Πανδημίας στην Εστίαση- Τετάρτη 8/12, στις 17:00, ζωντανά μέσω livestreaming Το Επαγγελματικό Επιμελητήριο Αθηνών σας καλεί στην παρουσίαση των Μελετών που πραγματοποίησε σε συνεργασία με την ICAP για την... Περισσότερα

Γ. Χατζηθεοδοσίου στη “ΝΑΥΤΕΜΠΟΡΙΚΗ”: Οι βάσεις για ένα Ελληνο-Κυπριακό Επιμελητήριο Άρθρο του Προέδρου της Κεντρικής Ένωσης Επιμελητηρίων Ελλάδος και του Επαγγελματικού Επιμελητηρίου Αθηνών, Γιάννη Χατζηθεοδοσίου, στην εφημερίδα “ΝΑΥΤΕΜΠΟΡΙΚΗ” (4/12/2021).... Περισσότερα Το ωράριο των καταστημάτων την εορταστική περίοδο Από τις 11 το πρωί μέχρι τις 8 το βράδυ θα είναι ανοικτά τις δυο Κυριακές του Δεκεμβρίου τα... Περισσότερα Ηλεκτρονική ανανέωση αδειών οδήγησης και χορήγηση αντιγράφων αδειών κυκλοφορίας Στην ψηφιοποίηση των διαδικασιών για την ανανέωση των αδειών οδήγησης και τη χορήγηση αντιγράφων των αδειών κυκλοφορίας προχωρά το... Περισσότερα Μια διαφορετική ματιά στις (ουκ ολίγες) υποχρεώσεις του Δεκέμβρη Του Παναγιώτη Παντελή – Φοροτεχνικού, Οικονομικού Επόπτη Ε.Ε.Α., σε συνεργασία με τον Ηλία Χατζηγεωργίου – Φοροτεχνικό, Αντιπρόεδρο Επιτροπής Λογιστών Ε.Ε.Α.... Περισσότερα Η αδικοπρακτική ευθύνη των τραπεζών από την παροχή επενδυτικών υπηρεσιών και η υποχρέωση χρηματικής αποζημίωσης Γράφει η Σουζάνα Κλημεντίδη, Δικηγόρος-Συνεργάτης ΕΕΑ Οι επενδύσεις αποτελούν μία οικονομική δραστηριότητα, η οποία κερδίζει ολοένα και περισσότερο έδαφος... Περισσότερα

"Γίνε και εσύ μέλος της εθελοντικής ομάδας της ΝΔ"

 

Αθήνα, 5 Δεκεμβρίου 2021   Από το Γραφείο Τύπου της Νέας Δημοκρατίας, εκδόθηκε η ακόλουθη ανακοίνωση:   Γίνε και εσύ μέλος της εθελοντικής ομάδας της ΝΔ   «Σήμερα, με αφορμή την παγκόσμια ημέρα εθελοντισμού, η ΝΔ ενεργοποιεί πλατφόρμα εγγραφής των μελών της, στην εθελοντική ομάδα της Γραμματείας Ποιότητας Ζωής και Εθελοντισμού.   Αν σε ενδιαφέρει να προσφέρεις εθελοντικά στον συνάνθρωπο σου, στο περιβάλλον, στον πολιτισμό  και στον τόπο μας, γίνε μέλος της εθελοντικής ομάδας της ΝΔ. Κάνε εγγραφή εδώ  https://nd.gr/mpes-stin-omada-ethelonton Η ΝΔ δημιουργεί οργανωμένο δίκτυο εθελοντών, που θα αναπτύξει δράσεις για: Το Περιβάλλον Την Κοινωνική Αλληλεγγύη Την Πολιτική προστασία Τη Βελτίωση Δημοσίων χώρων Την Προστασία της πολιτιστικής κληρονομιάς   Στόχος η συμμετοχή των μελών μας, σε δράσεις εθελοντισμού , που θα οργανώσουμε εμείς ή σε συνεργασία με άλλους φορείς.   Και το 2022 θα είναι μια χρονιά που ο εθελοντισμός και η προσφορά, θα έχουν ξεχωριστή θέση, για την ΝΔ .   Εθελοντής σημαίνει  αναλαμβάνω την ευθύνη,  για  να βοηθήσω, να διορθώσω να κάνω τον κόσμο καλύτερο». Κατεβάστε το βίντεο εδώ.

KREMLIN's interesting weekly latest news

#WeAreTogether award ceremony

http://static.kremlin.ru/media/events/video/en/video_low/VU3hBawYlpDrP3G7sU1tuDVevT3kiHoN.mp4

On International Volunteer Day, Vladimir Putin took part in the #WeAreTogether award ceremony.
December 5, 2021
17:25

The President presented the St Luke of Crimea medals to the nominees for the 2021 Volunteer of the Year award: paediatrician Pavel Berezhansky, volunteer physician in the red zone Olga Zolotukhina, medical volunteer Vladimir Nikolsky, and Head of the #WeAreTogether campaign headquarters in the Kirov Region Yekaterina Sadakova.

Pavel Berezhansky, head of the pulmonary department at the Morozov Children's City Hospital, won the 2021 Volunteer of the Year title for his project offering counselling and support to parents.

The President also took part in The New Year Tree of Wishes event.

* * *

President of Russia Vladimir Putin: Good afternoon, my friends.

I am delighted to welcome you all and congratulate you on Volunteer Day.

Russia is marking Volunteer Day for the fifth time and this certainly is testament to the fact that your activity, your work for the benefit of society and specific people is highly appreciated in our country. We really need sincere and caring people who follow the call of their hearts and come to the aid of others, help address significant problems, achieve tangible results for the common good and, what’s more, offer much-needed, even indispensable support for specific people, a specific person, or specific families.

We know that volunteers have taken on a tremendous load and much responsibility during the pandemic; we know how much effort and warmth they have been investing into overcoming our common hardships. They have been risking their health and even their own lives.

I would like to once again thank everyone who showed this level of solidarity, those who did not step aside in this difficult period, who were not indifferent, who implemented their own initiatives or participated in the nationwide mutual support campaign #WeAreTogether. Non-profits, entrepreneurs, and public organisations are now in its ranks, as are political parties and our leading political force, United Russia. I thank everyone who has helped and is helping doctors work in hospitals and red zones, who help the elderly and anyone else who needs their support.

Your work is inherently noble, much needed, and always in demand. Your example inspires and encourages hundreds of thousands, even millions of our citizens to take similar action.

The volunteer movement is becoming a more powerful force every year. I think it was right to give this name, #WeAreTogether, to your forum, which is traditionally timed to coincide with Volunteer Day, as well as to the best volunteer projects contest, which received over 25,000 applications this year.

These words are imbued with relatable and pragmatic meaning, with an understanding of how important your unity is. That pooling efforts for the sake of our people and our country can always make things better and lead to impressive results in any sphere.

Volunteer work rests on such ideas as creativeness, humanity and mutual assistance – words that are relatable and understandable to everyone. These are universal values capable of erasing artificial barriers, boundaries, and sometimes even disagreements.

Thanks to them, this forum has now acquired an international format and significance – it has brought together volunteers from all regions of our huge country, the Russian Federation, as well as representatives from more than 40 countries. The #WeAreTogether award has also become international this year as well, and it was you who initiated the change. It is now awarded to foreign volunteers and their projects, too. I am delighted to welcome our guests from India, Slovenia, Mexico and other countries.

APEC Bulletin

APEC Bulletin 6 December 2021


Airport gate innovators win prize to help get people moving again


When Faisal Ariff and his team began developing automated airport gates seven years ago, their intent was simply to speed up the process of going through immigration. Back then standing in long immigration queues was considered to be an inconvenience. In hindsight, the experience was relatively smooth. These days, it is practically chaotic. New rules and restrictions, few of which are aligned across economies, have made travel in 2020 and 2021 truly difficult.

At a time when the COVID-19 pandemic ground air traffic to a near standstill, technological innovations to get people through borders are not about reducing hassle anymore—rather, they are one of the tools the region will need to help restore the devastated tourism and travel sector.

Ariff’s automated gates system, for example, will help make queues at airports short and safe, which can contribute to building back trust in air-travel and help get people moving again.

“In order to move the needle, we need to be quite proactive with developing digital solutions so that people can start arriving from all over the world again,” said Ariff, an entrepreneur from Malaysia who leads a group of digital innovators who never seem to stop tweaking and improving their work.

The latest prototype of his team’s automated gates includes 3D facial recognition, passport readers, contactless finger printing and thermal cameras to check a passenger’s body temperature.

With these ideas in tow, Ariff and company created the APEC Traveller App—software that would make it possible for travelers to confirm their COVID vaccination status at APEC economy border crossings and immigration checkpoints by using a QR code—and joined the APEC App Challenge, which this year focused on building technologies to help the travel sector recover.

Ariff said such tools could prove crucial to reviving the region’s economy. Asia-Pacific businesses and communities had been particularly hard hit by the pandemic because of their heavy reliance on tourism.

“For Malaysia, tourism is 15 percent of our GDP, so we really need people to come back,” he said, “Hundreds of thousands of people have been left unemployed by this pandemic, a good chunk of them from the tourism industry.”

For their efforts and ideas, Ariff and his team won the 2021 APEC Digital Prosperity Award, which recognizes initiatives that have the most potential to broaden prosperity and inclusive growth in the Asia-Pacific. Launched in 2017, the award is supported by the Asia Foundation and Google.

Winning idea

After graduating from top law schools in the UK and US, Ariff worked for a short time in the fund management sector. But by 2014 he was looking for a change. He entered a competition for a graduate scholarship to Singularity University at NASA Research Park in Silicon Valley. To win, he needed to come up with a business idea that could impact one million people in five years in his region. He decided on automated airport gates that required passengers to swipe their biometric passports and scan their fingerprints. The opt-in service aimed to speed up the movement of people through airports in Southeast Asia. The idea paid off, winning him a spot in Silicon Valley.

In NASA’s Research Park, Ariff and a team of fellow students needed to develop the idea. They needed to build a prototype with limited means, with whatever materials they could find. He remembers borrowing a facial recognition camera and other bits of pieces of technology from students and others.

“It was amazing, we only had a few weeks to complete the task, but it actually worked.”

Origin Story

Back in Malaysia in 2016, Ariff hired software engineer Nik Sulaiman, and later, software developers Amjad Alhaneesh and Sherman Peter. They set to work building the technology that would make the APEC Traveller App possible—the challenge was making the system seamless, secure, and useful in real-world application.

Ariff spent months pitching the program to officials. Multiple parties also needed to approve the technology before it could be trialed, including airports, airlines and travel authorities. He was given the green light for a pilot program at Kuala Lumpur International Airport’s budget airline terminal. By 2018, the first passengers were swiping through.

“We received all this fan mail from people saying they were saving so much time by going through our gate,” he said. “That was fantastic because that was our entire agenda.”

To this day, the team is continuing to innovate their gates and is hopeful of playing a role to get the travel sector back on its feet in the APEC region. The App Challenge and Digital Prosperity Award are examples of avenues through which developers can contribute to efforts to reopen travel and economic activity when the time is right. This will be a priority for APEC in 2022, under the leadership of the new host, Thailand.

“Economies are dealing with vaccinations and testing in different ways. Each economy has different standards and authorization procedures at airports,” Ariff said. “There isn’t one simple process. But if we get the technology right, and people can breeze through immigration safely and securely, then hopefully they are more willing to travel again.”

#

Related content:
APEC Ministers Announce Digital Prosperity Award Winner
It's Time to Rethink Global Travel Restrictions
Passports, Tickets and Face Masks: COVID-19 and Cross-Border Mobility in the APEC Region

Council agrees on mandate for negotiations on a EU framework on adequate minimum wages

Monday 6 December 2021

● Council of the EU   06/12/2021 11:12 | Press release | Council agrees on mandate for negotiations on a EU framework on adequate minimum wages   The Council today agreed its position on a Commission proposal for an EU law on adequate minimum wages in the EU. Fair wages that provide for a decent standard of living are one of the principles of the European Pillar of Social Rights. To improve working and living conditions, this draft law establishes a framework to promote adequate levels of statutory minimum wages, to promote collective bargaining on wage setting and to improve the effective access to minimum wage protection of those workers who are entitled to a minimum wage. "Work should pay. We cannot accept that people who put all their energy in their job, still live in poverty and cannot afford a decent standard of living. This law will be a great step forward towards this goal." Janez Cigler Kralj, Slovenian minister of labour, family, social affairs and equal opportunities Promotion of collective bargaining on wage setting Countries with a high collective bargaining coverage tend to have a smaller share of low-wage workers and higher minimum wages than those with low collective bargaining coverage. That is why ministers agreed that countries should promote strengthening the capacity of social partners to engage in collective bargaining. If their collective bargaining coverage is below 70%, they should also establish an action plan to promote collective bargaining. Adequacy of statutory minimum wages In order to promote the adequacy of statutory minimum wages and thus to achieve decent working and living conditions, member states with statutory minimum wages are tasked to put a procedural framework in place to set and update these minimum wages according to a set of stable and clear criteria. The statutory minimum wages will be updated in a regular and timely manner. Their amount may in addition be adjusted by automatic indexation mechanisms. Read more

"Undoing Optimization":by Alison B. Powell,YALE UNIVERSITY Press Blog

http://blog.yalebooks.com/2021/07/29/undoing-optimization/

Undoing Optimization

• July 29, 2021

Alison B. Powell—

The smart city isn’t new. For at least the past two decades, new communication technologies have been imagined, marketed, and constructed to improve the function and experience of urban life. Let’s revisit the smart city of the late 1990s and early 2000s, when access to internet technologies was an important part of how smartness was imagined.
In many places in the world, governments and companies proposed projects to expand access to the internet. Often the entities pursuing these projects argued that expanded access to communication resources would lead to an expanded capacity for participation in civic life. Enthusiasm for projects like the Blacksburg Electronic Village—which aimed in the late 1990s to give the entire population of the town of Blacksburg, Virginia, access to the internet—turned on the idea that networked information systems could enhance participationin local decision-making and strengthen the ties between people through the benefit of enhanced connectivity to an information network.
Of course, the actual experience for the beneficiaries of this expanded communications access departed from the vision. The early 2000s visions of internet-based democratization of civic action paralleled other visions of augmented cities as ideal sites of expanded connectivity. Both ideas connected with struggles over communication rights but also opened space for information technology (IT) or information and communication technology (ICT) companies to market various internet access technologies as pillars of urban smartness. Governments, companies, and activists defined—as well as created—different capacities within the idea of the smart city. The proposals wove together a promise of a particular kind of “technological sublime” that, in the early 1990s, referred to a networked set of relationships modeled on the real and imagined capacities of networks of internet access. Social theorist Leo Marx and communication scholar Vincent Mosco both identify the idea of a technological (or digital) sublime as a major mythology connected with the power and influence of technology.Mosco argues that in order to judge the power of information technology we must also take account of the influence of major mythologies associated with it. The visions of smart cities derive from a myth about technology in general and optimization of civic life in particular. In practice, these kinds of visions developed through the language used in marketing by technology companies and in the investments that followed. They have echoes in public policy and in projects undertaken by technology activists and advocates, who often use the same discourses and the same technical materials to develop critical alternatives to the industrial visions for smart cities. This particular techno-systems thinking sets up expectations for the role of computer networks and internet access in cities.
Information, Superhighways, Connected Citizens, and 1990s Smart Cities
Beginning in the mid-1990s, scholars began to understand the global city as a communication nexus. Global connections through the internet intensified the capital and influence of global cities, and flows of people produced different global citizen experiences, including experiences of cities. A way of describing how technological modes of thinking influenced experiences of urban space was the notion that connectivity created a separation of global “spaces of flows” and local “spaces of places” bounded by local experience. This distinction seems, in retrospect, too rigid to account for the ways that people, rich and poor, moved into and between cities in this period and produced new forms of citizenship related to changes in economic status. The new economic relationships encouraged rights claims but also created new sites of civic struggle as migrant labor and transnational capital clashed. They also made the terrain of communication one of the sites of social struggle.
As claims for communication rights expanded, the result was a sense that within global cities, citizenship involved “more than rights to participate in politics. It could also include other kinds of rights in the public sphere, namely, civil, socio-economic, and cultural.” In this more expansive but contested space for claiming rights, global and transnational linkages inspired by the promise of better internet connectivity were viewed as ways to develop new citizenships.This view took the extreme form of claims that the institutional and cultural rigidities of the city might be liquefied or transcended by the more fluid, global, internetworked virtual world and worries that the space of the traditional city was declining, making “authentic urbanity” impossible and limiting the ability of citizens to enact democratic rights.
The ideas of global network development, of the configuration of place-based relationships in terms of nodes and links, predated the expansion of information technology networks but became influential when interpreted in relation to the technical networks. Interpreted in a particular way, the identification of the space of flows serves as a justification for associating communication rights with access to internet services, and the celebration of this space of flows in counterpoint to a disconnected space of places justifies placing attention on connectivity and technological equipment as for citizenship rather than less networked modes of civic action. This is the first version of the smart city that I interrogate: the communicative city, where attention to networked modes of power across society and interest in increasing access to networks intersect with calls for communication rights. Citizens may have communication rights anticipated or planned for by policy-makers, or they may have them interpreted by companies as new opportunities to consume. When a smart city is focused on network connectivity, people can also participate in claiming communication rights by self-organizing to create different means of access to networks.
From Undoing Optimization by Alison B. Powell. Published by Yale University Press in 2021. Reproduced with permission.

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Alison B. Powell is associate professor of media and communication at the London School of Economics and Political Science and is affiliated with the Ada Lovelace Institute.

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Further Reading:

Featured Image: Photo by Nastya Dulhiier on Unsplash

http://blog.yalebooks.com/2021/07/29/undoing-optimization/

Αναίρεση βελτιστοποίησης

• 29 Ιουλίου 2021

Άλισον Μπ. Πάουελ-

Η έξυπνη πόλη δεν είναι καινούργια. Τουλάχιστον τις τελευταίες δύο δεκαετίες, οι νέες τεχνολογίες επικοινωνίας φαντάζονται, διατίθενται στην αγορά και κατασκευάζονται για να βελτιώσουν τη λειτουργία και την εμπειρία της αστικής ζωής. Ας επανεξετάσουμε την έξυπνη πόλη των τέλους της δεκαετίας του 1990 και των αρχών της δεκαετίας του 2000, όταν η πρόσβαση στις τεχνολογίες του Διαδικτύου ήταν ένα σημαντικό μέρος του τρόπου με τον οποίο φανταζόταν η εξυπνάδα.

Σε πολλά μέρη στον κόσμο, κυβερνήσεις και εταιρείες πρότειναν έργα για την επέκταση της πρόσβασης στο διαδίκτυο. Συχνά οι οντότητες που επιδιώκουν αυτά τα έργα υποστήριξαν ότι η διευρυμένη πρόσβαση σε πόρους επικοινωνίας θα οδηγούσε σε διευρυμένη ικανότητα συμμετοχής στην πολιτική ζωή. Ο ενθουσιασμός για έργα όπως το Blacksburg Electronic Village - που στόχευαν στα τέλη της δεκαετίας του 1990 να δώσουν σε ολόκληρο τον πληθυσμό της πόλης Blacksburg της Βιρτζίνια πρόσβαση στο διαδίκτυο - στράφηκε στην ιδέα ότι τα δικτυωμένα συστήματα πληροφοριών θα μπορούσαν να ενισχύσουν τη συμμετοχή στη λήψη τοπικών αποφάσεων και να ενισχύσουν τους δεσμούς μεταξύ των ανθρώπων μέσω του πλεονεκτήματος της ενισχυμένης συνδεσιμότητας σε ένα δίκτυο πληροφοριών.

Φυσικά, η πραγματική εμπειρία για τους δικαιούχους αυτής της διευρυμένης πρόσβασης επικοινωνιών αποκλίνει από το όραμα. Τα οράματα των αρχών της δεκαετίας του 2000 για τον εκδημοκρατισμό της πολιτικής δράσης μέσω του Διαδικτύου παραλληλίστηκαν με άλλα οράματα για επαυξημένες πόλεις ως ιδανικές τοποθεσίες διευρυμένης συνδεσιμότητας. Και οι δύο ιδέες συνδέονταν με αγώνες για τα δικαιώματα επικοινωνίας, αλλά άνοιξαν επίσης χώρο στις εταιρείες τεχνολογίας πληροφοριών (IT) ή τεχνολογίας πληροφοριών και επικοινωνιών (ICT) να εμπορεύονται διάφορες τεχνολογίες πρόσβασης στο Διαδίκτυο ως πυλώνες της αστικής ευφυΐας. Κυβερνήσεις, εταιρείες και ακτιβιστές όρισαν —καθώς και δημιούργησαν— διαφορετικές ικανότητες στην ιδέα της έξυπνης πόλης. Οι προτάσεις συνέπλεαν μια υπόσχεση ενός συγκεκριμένου είδους «τεχνολογικής υπεροχής» που, στις αρχές της δεκαετίας του 1990, αναφέρεται σε ένα δικτυωμένο σύνολο σχέσεων που βασίζονται στο πρότυπο των πραγματικών και φανταστικών δυνατοτήτων των δικτύων πρόσβασης στο Διαδίκτυο. Ο κοινωνικός θεωρητικός Leo Marx και ο μελετητής της επικοινωνίας Vincent Mosco ταυτίζουν και οι δύο την ιδέα ενός τεχνολογικού (ή ψηφιακού) υψηλού ως μια σημαντική μυθολογία που συνδέεται με τη δύναμη και την επιρροή της τεχνολογίας. Ο Mosco υποστηρίζει ότι για να κρίνουμε τη δύναμη της τεχνολογίας της πληροφορίας πρέπει επίσης να λάβουμε αναφορά της επιρροής των μεγάλων μυθολογιών που συνδέονται με αυτό. Τα οράματα των έξυπνων πόλεων προέρχονται από έναν μύθο σχετικά με την τεχνολογία γενικά και τη βελτιστοποίηση της ζωής των πολιτών ειδικότερα. Στην πράξη, αυτού του είδους τα οράματα αναπτύχθηκαν μέσω της γλώσσας που χρησιμοποιείται στο μάρκετινγκ από εταιρείες τεχνολογίας και στις επενδύσεις που ακολούθησαν. Έχουν απήχηση στη δημόσια πολιτική και σε έργα που αναλαμβάνονται από ακτιβιστές και υποστηρικτές της τεχνολογίας, που συχνά χρησιμοποιούν τις ίδιες ομιλίες και τα ίδια τεχνικά υλικά για να αναπτύξουν κρίσιμες εναλλακτικές λύσεις στα βιομηχανικά οράματα για τις έξυπνες πόλεις. Αυτή η συγκεκριμένη τεχνο-συστημική σκέψη δημιουργεί προσδοκίες για το ρόλο των δικτύων υπολογιστών και της πρόσβασης στο Διαδίκτυο στις πόλεις.

Πληροφορίες, Superhiways, Connected Citizens και Smart Cities της δεκαετίας του 1990

Ξεκινώντας από τα μέσα της δεκαετίας του 1990, οι μελετητές άρχισαν να κατανοούν την παγκόσμια πόλη ως επικοινωνιακό πλέγμα. Οι παγκόσμιες συνδέσεις μέσω του Διαδικτύου ενίσχυσαν την πρωτεύουσα και την επιρροή των παγκόσμιων πόλεων και οι ροές ανθρώπων παρήγαγαν διαφορετικές παγκόσμιες εμπειρίες πολιτών, συμπεριλαμβανομένων εμπειριών πόλεων. Ένας τρόπος περιγραφής του πώς οι τεχνολογικοί τρόποι σκέψης επηρέασαν τις εμπειρίες του αστικού χώρου ήταν η αντίληψη ότι η συνδεσιμότητα δημιουργούσε έναν διαχωρισμό παγκόσμιων «χώρων ροών» και τοπικών «χώρων τόπων» που οριοθετούνταν από την τοπική εμπειρία. Αυτή η διάκριση φαίνεται, εκ των υστέρων, πολύ άκαμπτη για να εξηγήσει τους τρόπους με τους οποίους οι άνθρωποι, πλούσιοι και φτωχοί, μετακόμισαν μέσα και μεταξύ των πόλεων αυτήν την περίοδο και παρήγαγαν νέες μορφές ιθαγένειας που σχετίζονται με αλλαγές στην οικονομική κατάσταση. Οι νέες οικονομικές σχέσεις ενθάρρυναν τις διεκδικήσεις δικαιωμάτων, αλλά δημιούργησαν επίσης νέους τόπους πολιτικού αγώνα καθώς η μεταναστευτική εργασία και το διακρατικό κεφάλαιο συγκρούονταν. Έκαναν επίσης το έδαφος της επικοινωνίας έναν από τους χώρους κοινωνικής πάλης.

As claims for communication rights expanded, the result was a sense that within global cities, citizenship involved “more than rights to participate in politics. It could also include other kinds of rights in the public sphere, namely, civil, socio-economic, and cultural.” In this more expansive but contested space for claiming rights, global and transnational linkages inspired by the promise of better internet connectivity were viewed as ways to develop new citizenships.This view took the extreme form of claims that the institutional and cultural rigidities of the city might be liquefied or transcended by the more fluid, global, internetworked virtual world and worries that the space of the traditional city was declining, making “authentic urbanity” impossible and limiting the ability of citizens to enact democratic rights.

Οι ιδέες της παγκόσμιας ανάπτυξης δικτύων, της διαμόρφωσης των σχέσεων που βασίζονται σε τόπους ως προς τους κόμβους και τους συνδέσμους, προϋπήρχαν της επέκτασης των δικτύων τεχνολογίας πληροφοριών, αλλά έγιναν επιρροές όταν ερμηνεύτηκαν σε σχέση με τα τεχνικά δίκτυα. Ερμηνευμένη με συγκεκριμένο τρόπο, ο προσδιορισμός του χώρου των ροών χρησιμεύει ως αιτιολόγηση για τη συσχέτιση των δικαιωμάτων επικοινωνίας με την πρόσβαση σε υπηρεσίες διαδικτύου και ο εορτασμός αυτού του χώρου ροών σε αντίθεση με έναν αποσυνδεδεμένο χώρο τόπων δικαιολογεί την προσοχή στη συνδεσιμότητα και την τεχνολογία εξοπλισμός για την ιθαγένεια και όχι λιγότερο δικτυωμένους τρόπους δράσης των πολιτών. Αυτή είναι η πρώτη εκδοχή της έξυπνης πόλης που ανακρίνω: η επικοινωνιακή πόλη, όπου η προσοχή στους δικτυωμένους τρόπους εξουσίας σε όλη την κοινωνία και το ενδιαφέρον για την αύξηση της πρόσβασης στα δίκτυα διασταυρώνονται με τις εκκλήσεις για δικαιώματα επικοινωνίας. Οι πολίτες μπορεί να έχουν δικαιώματα επικοινωνίας που αναμένονται ή σχεδιάζουν οι υπεύθυνοι χάραξης πολιτικής ή μπορεί να τα ερμηνεύουν από τις εταιρείες ως νέες ευκαιρίες για κατανάλωση. Όταν μια έξυπνη πόλη εστιάζει στη συνδεσιμότητα δικτύου, οι άνθρωποι μπορούν επίσης να συμμετάσχουν στη διεκδίκηση δικαιωμάτων επικοινωνίας με την αυτο-οργάνωση για τη δημιουργία διαφορετικών μέσων πρόσβασης στα δίκτυα.

Από το Undoing Optimization από την Alison B. Powell. Δημοσιεύτηκε από το Yale University Press το 2021. Αναπαράγεται με άδεια.

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Η Alison B. Powell  είναι αναπληρώτρια καθηγήτρια ΜΜΕ και Επικοινωνίας στο London School of Economics and Political Science και είναι συνδεδεμένη με το Ινστιτούτο Ada Lovelace.

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